Journal of Embryology & Stem Cell Research
Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Origin, Characteristics and Promises
Stem cell biology is currently one of the most leading areas of biomedical research, as enthusiasm for their application toward regenerative medicine continues to expand. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a well characterized population of fibroblastlike cells, exist in almost all tissues and represent a key cell source for tissue repair and regeneration. Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) represent one of the most promising and advantageous populations of mesenchymal stem cells for use in cell-based therapy and tissue engineering. In the current mini-review we present the origin of AT-MSCs, their general and functional characteristics, and AT-MSCs-based preclinical and clinical approaches.
Copyright (c) 2022 Abu-Shahba N https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mitochondria Targeted Antioxidants can Improve In Vitro Embryo Production in Buffalo
Buffalo is a large-ruminant dairy animal, mostly found in the Asian continent, considered as ‘Black Gold’ due to its immense contribution to milk, meat, and draft power. The buffalo contributing significantly to the human food chain by efficiently converting poor nutritional value feed into meat and milk for human consumption. They also have a high capacity for adaptation and survival in different environments with distinct climate, topography, and vegetation. The consumption of buffalo milk and meat are healthier due to presence of low cholesterol than that of cattle milk and meat. The calcium and protein content also found higher (58 %) in buffalo than cow’s milk [1]. These beneficial inherent characteristics of the species need to be explored at cellular and molecular level, so that buffalo could be established as the best model for producing humanized products through genetic engineering.
Copyright (c) 2022 Kumar D https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Complex Treatment by Use of Fetal Stem Cells on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
Analysis of bone mineral density index and a 10-year risk of fractures have been performed and two groups of postmenopausal women under the study were compared. Both investigated groups were randomized and conventional therapy by use of medicines including peroral administration of vitamin D3 and bisphosphonate were prescribed due to special indication. In treatment of the main group (MG), women along with standard therapy methods had been receiving treatment by use of fetal stem cells (FSCs). In accordance with the results and comparison between the groups, bone mineral density of femoral neck and trochanter became significantly higher in the group of women who underwent combined treatment with FSCs if compared to the control group (CG). Furthermore, in the MG we noted a tendency to downgrading a 10-year risk of fractures development in postmenopausal women, if compared to the CG upon randomization, where the patients received only a traditional treatment using medicines. This research aims to investigate effectiveness of complex therapy with FSCs derived from 7 to 12-week gestation fetuses and comparing such a treatment influence on certain markers of ageing process in postmenopausal women between the MG and the CG of patients. Criteria for comparing suggested a study of bone mineral density (BMD), as well as 10-year risk of fractures by Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX), which are the markers of agerelated changes of the skeletal system in women.
Copyright (c) 2021 Susak IA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Wolbachia-Filarial Nematode Interactions: Embryological, Cellular and Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Targets
Filarial nematodes including Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulous, Brugia malayi, B. timori and Loa loa cause some of the most common parasitic infections in humans including elephantiasis, blindness and skin lesions. Wolbachia, an α-proteobacterium is the most widespread endosymbiotic bacterium widely present in various insect species, in parasitic nematodes of animals and also in the plant-parasite nematode, Radopholus similis. In insects, they harbour in male and female germlines and in a variety of somatic tissues. In filarial nematodes, they live as reproductive endosymbionts in ovarian tissues, oocytes and oogonia and newly forming embryos within the uterus and affect moulting, reproduction and survival of the host nematode. They provide essential metabolites such as riboflavin, haem and nucleotides to the host nematodes, but they cannot synthesize some vitamins, coenzyme A, NAD, biotin, folate, ubiquinone, lipoic acid etc. de novo due to incomplete biochemical pathways, and derive those from host nematodes. Thus, there is an obligate symbiotic relationship between Wolbachia and host nematode. Antibiotic treatment against Wolbachia has been proved as a promising target for prevention of filariasis which can break the parasitic cycle. Genomic studies regarding embryological, cellular and molecular aspects of Wolbachia and filarial nematode are still limited. Further research in this area could employ Wolbachia-filarial nematode interactions as a potential therapeutic target to reduce or prevent filarial infections.
Copyright (c) 2021 Rahman KMZ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Randomized Central Nerve System Anomalies on the Expression of Stem/Progenitor Cell Markers in the Different Components of Human Fetus Umbilical Cord
Aim: In this study, immunophenotypic changes of stem cells in umbilical cords of fetuses taken with 12-20 weeks of central nervous system (CNS) anomaly were investigated at the tissue level. The basis of the study was based on the hypothesis that central nervous system pathologies may adversely affect the stem cell profile in the umbilical cord during early fetal development. Materials and Methods: The umbilical cords of 6 human fetuses with CNS anomalies between 12-20 weeks were used as the study group (n=6). As the control group, umbilical cords of 6 human fetuses with no CNS anomalies were used (n=6). CD29, CD44, CD73, STRO1, Vimentin, CD90, CD31 and CD34 stem/progenitor markers were evaluated separately in the amniotic epithelium (AE), Wharton jelly (WJ), umbilical artery (UA) and umbilical vein (UV) by immunohistochemistry. CD29, CD90 CD31 expressions were also evaluated by immunofluorescent staining. Results: CNS anomalies suppressed bio-markers in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in WJ. CD29, CD73 and CD90 expressions were found to be low in the AE of CNS Anomaly groups. When looking at the MSC profile in the UA, it was found that CD44 and CD90 expressions decreased in fetus cords with CNS anomalies. CNS anomalies suppressed CD44, CD73 and CD90 immunoexpressions of MSCs in the UV. STRO1 expressions were severely suppressed in both WJ and perivascular areas in the study group. A similar situation is valid for CD34 and CD31 immune-expression. Conclusion: In this study, the effects of CNS anomalies on the umbilical cord stem cell niches were revealed. The effects of CNS anomalies on the stem/progenitor cell profile in the fetal umbilical cord have been demonstrated for the first time in this study.
Copyright (c) 2021 Salkin H https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Poly(A) Tail Modification of mRNA in the Embryogenesis
Eukaryotic gene expression can be exquisite tuned at various levels, especially at the mRNA level. There are over 100 kinds of chemical modifications identified on mRNA. Poly(A) tail are high conserved and ubiquitous modifications, which regulated by poly(A) polymerases and deadenylases. Poly(A) tail affect the mRNA stability, translation efficacy, and abundance. As an essential stage of life – embryogenesis, poly(A) tail exerts a vast influence with dynamic length. In this review, we summarize the effect of poly(A) tail on early embryogenesis and provide the potential mechanism.
Copyright (c) 2021 Jicheng Pan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Could Stem Cells Drive Research and Entrepreneurship in Egypt?
I supposed of finding what I would write about in a new Editorial as I have several modern subjects to present about fantastic gigantic stem cell the sacred cup of regenerative medicine and the medical innovation of the 21st Century; then fate made it simple by unexpectedly receiving an honorable calling to be nominated for Global Entrepreneurship Award for Excellence. So, I have confirmed to write this article beacon the narrative from the onset behind this request. Thanks to the organizer of this honorable award to recollect me; this has stimulated me to remember what happened at that date and to talk now about the Unknown Soldier who presented the secret sauce that launched the pioneer initiative to implement entrepreneurship education in Egypt that is applied at present not only in Egypt but also in all the Arab World and North Africa.
Copyright (c) 2021 Montaser LM* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutritional Aspects, Pros and Cons of Nutrients-Rich Foods (Fruits and Vegetables) in Response to Stem Cells Transplantation
Fruits and vegetables are among the foods considered as naturally nutrient-rich in addition to common everyday meals. Plant-based diet entailing high intake of these nutrient-rich plant derived foods can provide numerous bioactive constituents. Several of such compounds may modify a multitude of processes that are related to numerous chronic diseases in humans. Human bone marrow can be damaged by disease, chemotherapy or radiation. Therefore, a patient is subjected to stem cell transplantation (SCT) to infuse healthy stem cells that replace damaged ones. Therefore, the purpose of this mini-review is to provide insight of research on the nutritional aspects including pros and cons of nutrient-rich foods (fruits and vegetables) in response to SCT. The review revealed that, multiple myeloma, overweight, sarcopenia and low oxidative stress levels are among the most prevalent conditions/risk factors for complications and increased relapse/non-relapse mortality in patients eligible for SCT. Patients recovering from SCT require more calories and twice as much protein in diets than healthy individuals of similar age and gender. Apple fruit and vegetables such as potatoes, carrots and beetroots were most frequently consumed by patients subjected to allogeneic bone marrow (allo-BMT). While, green vegetables like spinach and broccoli, onion, garlic, beans and peas as well as grapefruits, raspberries, grapes, oranges and strawberries were rarely consumed by patients under allo-BMT. Neutropenic (low-microbial) diets are designed to reduce ingestion of pathogens through the exclusion of foods such as fruits and vegetables that can be vectors of bacteria. In contrast to the neutropenic diet, natural diet plus vegetable-dairy i.e., soy-whey blended protein as well as the modified BMT diet allowed fresh fruits and vegetables without visible damage (e.g., cuts and bruises) and must be well washed under cold running water. Despite the diet restrictions (i.e., towards foods which pose the greatest risk both in hospitals and at home), further research studies with respect to fruit and vegetables are recommended to establish specific prescriptions including optimum quantities and time of consumption by the immunosuppressed patients/those subjected to SCT. Adequate data would be ideal as a tool to aid professionals including nutritionists to safely recommend foods that can be ingested by patients under SCT.
Copyright (c) 2021 Shango AJ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin during Mitosis in Embryos
Recent studies show that mitosis does not involve complete eradication of the past chromatin states but the memory of active and repressed chromatin is maintained to the next generation. This epigenetic regulation is critical for embryonic development and is also required for normal physiological functions. Further, impairment in this gene regulation can result in disease conditions such as cancer. Yet, the mechanisms by which regulatory components remain bound to the compacted mitotic chromosomes is not clearly understood. Here we review the process of gene bookmarking during mitosis in the developing embryo and its impact on the transcriptional dynamics during embryogenesis. The phenomenon of bookmarking is pivotal to normal embryonic development as it ensures that the transcriptional program is faithfully inherited to maintain cell fates. We review the mechanisms which control the accessibility of regulatory regions in the genome during cell division in the developing embryo. These include regulation by transcription factors, chromatin regulators and epigenetic histone marks such as histone tail modifications. For example, the Polycomb group of genes (PcG) regulate long term memory of the repressed chromatin state in the Drosophila embryo. We will also deliberate on the latest tools and techniques available to study the phenomenon of gene bookmarking such as ATAC seq and chromosome conformation capture technique. Finally, we will also discuss some of the unanswered questions and possible future studies in this field.
Copyright (c) 2021 Megha Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emphasis on Post COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis
In early 2021, stem cell research has received grant from the American Lung Association (ALA) for the research purpose on repair of the damaged lung. The American Lung Association has granted Catalyst Award of $ 100,000 for 2 years to scientists who are involved in the regeneration of damaged lung tissue. Scientists in the Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine at the University of Southern California are planning to use the grant to observe if a specific group of stem cells could repair damaged lungs in people with conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.However, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, fibrotic lesions of the lungs especially in the Post COVID period cannot be ignored. Some doctors believe that fibrosis that develops after acute COVID-19 phase is reversible and does not need treatment at all. This concept is mistaken and in fact extremely harmful point of view.
Copyright (c) 2021 Bopardikar A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HPSC-Based 2.5D In Vitro Model for Embryonic Morphogenesis Study
Synthetic embryology has shown valuable in developmental biological studies. It provides in vitro model capable of recapitulating the first few steps of mammalian embryogenesis, including humans, which confers a significant value as it is impossible to carry out the fundamental study on a human embryo. In this short communication, I discuss the powerful 2.5D human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based in vitro gastruloid model that gives rise to three fundamental germ layers under proper stimulation, which benefits not only for morphogenesis study but also applicable for large-scale and high-throughput teratogen testing. Moreover, this in vitro model shed light on how congenital disorders evolve in a developing embryo by differentiating the gastruloids from the human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) with specific genomic backgrounds linked to the etiologies. Furthermore, the disease-correlated gastruloid model provides a possibility to carry out a drug screening for a potential cure.
Copyright (c) 2021 Samuel Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Polycomb Group Proteins and Lineage Specification
Lineage specification is a crucial step during development of multicellular organism that requires differential gene expression. Epigenetic modifiers such as chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and DNA methylases enable differential gene expression. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are one of the important histone modifier which are involved in development as well as disease. PcG proteins assemble into large protein complexes termed Polycomb Repressive Complexes (PRCs), which introduce histone modifications that leads to gene repression. The PcG proteins and the Polycomb repressive complexes have been extensively studied in fruit flies and mice, and these studies show that PcG protein are crucial determinants of lineage specification. However, for obvious ethical reasons, the activity of early lineage specification in early human development has not been fully explored. This review attempts to update the readers about the role of Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins during lineage specification from studies on human pluripotent and human adult stem cells.
Copyright (c) 2021 Prasad Pethe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Long Term Results of Stem Cell Therapy in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is still a challenging condition affecting millions of people and leading to amputation or death. In patients with non reconstructable disease or failed revascularization, stem cell therapy (SCT) could help in promoting angiogenesis and limb salvage. However, there is limited data about the long-term benefits of SCT in such patients. Aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term survival and clinical outcomes in PAD patients who underwent stem cell therapy. All patients who underwent stem cell therapy using intramuscular injections of autologous bone-marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) for the treatment of PAD between January 2011 and November 2020 were include in the study. Electronic medical records (EMRs) and Telephonic phone follow up was used to get baseline clinical characteristics and follow up data. Out of 3627 PAD patient, 41 patients underwent stem cell therapy procedure between January 2011 to November 2020. Mean age was 48 years (range, 21 to 75 years) and 37 patients (90.24%) were males. The median follow-up period was 4.66 years (range, 6 months – 9.9 years). Indication for SCT was rest pain, gangrene or non-healing ulcer due to either non reconstructable disease or failed revascularization. All patients were given antiplatelets and statin therapy. Out of 41 PAD patients, 7 patients were lost to follow up. In the remaining, 34 patients, 29 (70.73%) patients were alive, and 5 patients were dead. Overall, 10 (24.39%) patients underwent ipsilateral amputation and 4 patients had persistent claudication pain. In the remaining patients’ ulcers healed and has no residual pain. Amputation free survival was 75.61%. The benefits of Autologous BM-MNCs stem cell therapy are sustained even in the long term with overall survival rate was 85.29% and the amputation free survival was 75.61% and should be considered for all CLI patients irrespective of age.
Copyright (c) 2021 Kereena Chukka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potentials of Spices Diet-Derived Polyphenols in Modulating the Self- Renewal of Stem Cells
Over many centuries, spices have been and are globally utilized in foods and drinks, as well as in pharmaceuticals industries. Spices are rich in health-beneficial chemical constituents that include diet- derived polyphenols, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, organic acids, and raw fibres. Stem cells can self- renew and differentiate into major cell types. However, malignant stem cells can invade and kill nearby tissue as well as spread to other body parts through the blood and lymph systems leading to several diseases including cancers affecting the lungs, liver, breasts, pancreas, stomach, colorectum, and cervix. The purpose of this mini-review is to highlight the contributions of recent research on the role of different diet-derived polyphenols from spices mainly cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum); cinnamon (Cinnamomumzeylanicum); clove (Syzygiumaromaticum); ginger (Zingiber officinale); nutmeg (Myristica fragrans); pepper (Piper nigrum); saffron (Crocus sativus); turmeric (Curcuma longa) and vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) in the modulation of the self-renewal of normal and malignant stem cells. Recent researches have demonstrated that predominant compounds; curcumin, crocetin, crocin, gingerols, shogaols, myristicin, piperine, and vanillin possess immunomodulatory effects that specifically inhibit or suppress the proliferation of cancer cells by stimulating the development of normal stem cells, encouraging apoptosis, and activating the expression of protective genes that prevent the formation of malignant cells. More attention should focus on spices and their advanced applications into nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of chronic illnesses. Further work using a combination of in vitro and in vivo methods is needed to fully understand the synergistic impacts of combining more of these compounds to express their modulation effect on the self-renewal of stem cells.
Effects on Cellular Dynamics in the Culture on Human Osteosarcoma Cells of Conditioned Medium Obtained from TGF-B1 Gene Transfected Human Dental Pulp-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
The aim of this study is to suppress the biological properties of tumor cells such as proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle in osteosarcoma cancer cell line by using the secretome obtained from TGF-B1 transfected DP-MSCs. In addition, another goal of ours is to induce membrane depolarization in mitochondria in osteosarcoma cancer cell line with TGF-B1-CM. In this study, secretomes released from human dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hDP-MSCs) with TGF-B1 gene therapy were applied on HOS cell lines. Viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cell cycle analyzes were performed at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the application. Changes in biological characteristics were measured in the Muse Cell Analyzer device according to the product procedure. Statistical analyzes were performed using GraphPad Prism statistical software. TGF-B1 transfected DP-MSC secretome (TGF-B1-CM) reduced the number of viable cells in in vitro cultures of HOS cells. Apoptosis was induced in HOS cells by administration of TGF-B1-CM. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization assays supported the apoptosis results. TGF-B1-CM administration played a role in arresting HOS cells at the G0 / G1 phase of the cell cycle. TGF-B1 transfected DP-MSC secretome suppressed osteosarcoma cells in vitro culture. Considering these results, further molecular studies targeting signaling pathways can be performed.
Copyright (c) 2021 Hasan Salkin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of Umbilical Cord Mesencymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia
A proposed mechanism of severe Corona virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a deregulated innate immune response to an infection with SARS-CoV-2 resulting in cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Mesencymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects and may attenuate the CRS. We present 11 cases of severe COVID-19 pneumonia treated with umbilical cord-derived, non-HLA matched MSC administered as four separate intravenous doses, 5×105 cells/kg. Clinical symptoms, measurements of inflammatory mediators and cytokines (IL6, IL10, IFN-γ, TNF-α), and radiological results were recorded for each patient. Although there were large variations in baseline cytokine pattern elevation, all cytokine levels decreased in all patients after the 4 infusions of UC-MSC, albeit in different magnitudes. Seven patients eventually improved in terms of need for supplemental oxygen and/or mechanical ventilation, clinical symptoms, resolution of pneumonia on imaging, and were discharged. Three patients expired, 1 of whom expired before completing the full course of therapy. This limited series of patients showed that UC-MSC therapy down regulates the cytokine storm and may improve clinical status in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia without any infusion related reaction.
Copyright (c) 2021 Vasiliki E Kalodimou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aging causes many changes in the human body, as a mechanism responsible for maintaining proper protein composition starts to decline with age. Proteins lose their stability, and the autophagy process failed, which resulted in the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which in turn resulted in diseases.
Copyright (c) 2020 Omar SMM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unusual Termination of the Facial Vein into External Jugular Vein and its Clinical Implication
The superficial veins of the neck are used for cannulation, either for intravenous infusion or for central venous pressure monitoring. Variations in the venous system from the normal pattern are relatively common. We present some unusual variations of the facial vein draining into the external jugular vein instead of draining into the internal jugular vein. The external jugular vein usually begins just behind the angle of the mandible by the union of the posterior auricular vein with the posterior division of the retromandibular vein and then descends obliquely across the sternocleidomastoid muscle and, just above the clavicle, pierces the deep fascia and drains into the subclavian vein. External jugular vein gives a reliable estimate of central venous pressure. The variation may give false value of pressure due to facial vein draining into it, also may create difficulty in catheterization. It’s very important not only for anatomists but also for head and neck surgeons to be aware of the possible anatomical variation in the formation of external jugular Vein and its clinical implications.
Copyright (c) 2020 Lufukuja GJ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Creating the Next Generation Human 2n=44 from Embryonic Stem Cells
A robertsonian translocation does not always produce harmful results. In fact, many mutations are impartial, and some even reach useful traits. For instance, if balanced carriers are parents 13/21 or 14 /21 or 15/21. This is the start of the new generation of human 2n=44 using In vitro fertilization (IVF). In the chromosomes balanced human 14/21 is relatively prevalent. With the proliferation of the cells, 3-type offspring create Second Human Species as follows: Carriers of balanced parents: 45, XY t (13 /21) X 45 XX t (13/21) → Type 1 - human 2n=44. Carriers of balanced parents: 45, XY t (14 /21) X 45 XX t (14/21) → Type 2 - human 2n=44. Carriers of balanced parents: 45, XY t (15 /21) X 45 XX t (15/21) → Type 3 - human 2n=44. Our study suggested that chromosomal evolution is from a chromosomal fusion, playing a significant role in decreasing the ancestral diploid number to the range of values currently seen.
Copyright (c) 2020 Dehghan FK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Since time immemorial, several centuries before Christ, humanity has faced plagues and pandemics that have decimated the world population, just remember the plague of Athens in 430 BC, several plagues have put human survival. We cannot forget smallpox that killed 300 million people; measles killed around 200 million human beings, the Spanish flu that is estimated at between 50 and 100 million. We have survived the black plague, bubonic plague, diphtheria, yellow fever, malaria, cholera, Ebola, tuberculosis, hanta virus, dengue and one of the most recent HIV, which already as 35 million deaths. We are surrounded by many germs, we live with them, including bacteria and viruses, this last time we face swine flu, avian flu, SARS, H1N1 that have plagued us and have forced us to search through research for some very effective treatments and others that still do not allow us to cure 100%. Today we face the covid-19 with the uncertainty of the scope and impact it will have on the world; in December 2019 an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology emerged in China .
Copyright (c) 2020 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stem Cell A Solution beyond the Pandemic Covid-19 the Uncertainty of being able to Move on
In a market in Wuhan, China, apparently due to the ingestion of live bats, as part of the culture of the natives, an infection of the virus was generated, which until now has not been effectively treated, which is why we justify expanding our knowledge of a therapeutic alternative that appears, beyond being a preventive treatment, perhaps the solution to this pandemic, the effectiveness of IV mesenchymal cell transplantation, has not been described with conclusive results that allow scientists to propose it as the only treatment, but studies in multiple pathologies show a very favorable immune reaction, modulating inflammatory cascades in inflamed tissues. In addition, it clearly presents a regeneration of it (which is the same) that has powerfully caught the attention of doctors when treating pathologies, autoimmune, degenerative, and chronic pathologies, which to date have had no palliative treatments, such as SLE, post-infarction heart disease, chronic arthritis, Alzheimer’s and among others, many laboratory studies were necessary, due to the urgent need of frustrated patients due to the few therapeutic possibilities that led to the use of mesenchymal cells for their treatment. The pneumonias caused by this new virus are of rapid progression and very lethal, with a treatment of little effectiveness and for this reason we have proposed the regulation of cytosines through the transplantation of mesenchymal cells, being these the main causes of complications due to their increase in the systemic reaction.
Copyright (c) 2020 Eghon G https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
hPP Corpus: A Tagged Biomedical Corpus for Automatic Extraction of Human Protein Phosphorylation for Understanding Cellular Functions
Proteins perform their functions by interacting with other proteins. Phosphorylation is a post-transcriptional modification of proteins and plays an important role in cellular functions. Protein interaction and phosphorylation play a critical role in biological functions and indicate disease states including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Mining protein phosphorylation information from biomedical literature is a topic of interest in biomedical text mining and highly challenging. Text mining researchers apply a variety of algorithms to extract such information. A standard annotated corpus is necessary to evaluate the performance of the text mining algorithms. However, to our best knowledge there is no standard annotated corpus available for evaluating approaches related to the extraction of protein phosphorylation information related to human. The available corpora, iProLink, PTM (Post Transcriptional Modification) phosphorylation extraction corpus and protein phosphorylation corpus from Protein Information Resource (PIR) are not specific to human. In this paper, we present a corpus called ‘hPP (human Protein Phosphorylation) corpus’ exclusively on human protein phosphorylation information. Current version of hPP corpus contains 2,380 sentences from 1,000 MEDLINE abstracts related to human protein phosphorylation. The corpus is annotated with named entities, event relationship and syntactic dependencies, and freely available at http:// www.biominingbu.org/hPPcorpus/hPP_corpus.xml. To our best knowledge hPP corpus is the first and foremost annotated corpus available for evaluating text mining systems on extracting human protein phosphorylation from MEDLINE abstracts.
Copyright (c) 2020 Natarajan J https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reconstruction of the male urethra has been and remains a challenge in adult and pediatric urology, especially for long urethral defects in the former and re-do surgery for hypospadias repair in the latter. The ability of stem cells for multipotent differentiation and the recognition of urine derived stem cells (USCs) have significantly improved the application of stem cell technology in urology, particularly for the reconstruction of urethra. USCs are recoverable from voided urine and the techniques for their recovery have improved in recent years. Stem cells from the bladder have been successfully seeded on to scaffolds for the regeneration of tubular urethra like structure. Despite these encouraging results, many issues remain in the clinical application of stem cells in urethral regeneration and other urological procedures. These include better understanding of the multiplication potential and direction of differentiation of stem cells, functionality of the tissues generated and avoidance of harmful effects like development of neoplasms. Appropriate choice of the source of stem cells and methods of administration for the different conditions requiring their use need more research. Governing regulations in the use of stem cell therapy is another challenge that requires to be addressed.
Copyright (c) 2020 Thambidorai CR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stem Cell Diversity and Therapeutic Aspects of Hyperglycemia
Animal body is made up of many different types of cell. Most cells are specialized to perform particular functions. As for instance, the red blood cells carry oxygen around animal bodies through the blood, but they are unable to divide. Stem cells provide new cells for the body as it grows, and replace specialized cells that are damaged or lost [1]. They can divide over and over again to produce new cells and as they divide, they can change into the other types to make up the body [2,3]. There are mainly three types of stem cells-embryonic, adult and induced pluripotent [4]. Hyperglycemia is a condition in which the blood glucose level gets high through an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, often termed as diabetes. Hormone that is involved in glucose transportation with the help of GLUT channels in cell is insulin. When body does not able to make insulin from pancreatic β-cells due to dysfunction or damaged, is called diabetes type 1 while in Type 2, body is not able to use glucose .
Copyright (c) 2020 Khandaker AM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Current Status of Cancer Stem Cell Research
The purpose of this editorial is to highlight the recent Cancer Stem Cell research contributions and their approaches towards human cancers. Despite of major scientific and technological progress of research & development for new therapeutic advances during the past decade, Cancer remains a significant public health problem. It’s the second most common cause of death worldwide. In 2018, the global burden of disease estimated that a total of 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths were reported [1]. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are a small sub-population of cancer cells found within tumors that can both self-renew by dividing and give rise to different types of cells that constitute the tumour. CSCs are tumorigenic, conceivably in contrast to other non-tumorigenic cancer cells; these cells might be responsible for the lack of success of therapeutic approaches currently available [2]. Single or combination of treatments target only the bulk of the tumor, and the elevated rates of tumor recurrences are attached to the accumulation of CSCs .
Copyright (c) 2019 Kereena Chukka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) Immunomodulation Impact on Skin Tissue Repair
Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) have largely proven their efficiency in wound healing and skin regeneration in vitro and in vivo. They are niched within the hypodermis where they differentiate into skin cell types and migrate to wounded sites to restore cell deficiencies and functions. ADSCs mainly act by an autocrine pathway through their secretome containing growth factors, cytokines and microRNA (miR) involved in their migration and proliferation and that of dermal fibroblasts (DF) and keratinocytes. There are evidences arguing that the immunomodulation capacity of ADSCs reflect their efficacy to ensure skin tissue repair. Their secretome is implicated in immune responses and is considered as the key tool in regulating skin inflammation and diseases-associated inflammation. By their action on skin immune cells, ADSCs are expected to play the principal role by modulating: i: the expression of the inflammatory factors; ii: the activation and maturation of immune cells especially M1 and M2 macrophages and inhibition of Th cells; iii: the skin cell differentiation, proliferation, pigmentation and migration and iv: the secretion of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Additionally, ADSCs cross-react with the different skin cells, ECM and the surrounding growth factors to initiate and accelerate the implementation of all phases of wound healing. In this review, we highlight the role of ADSCs in deriving tissue repair with regard to their immune-modulation ability, this impressive capacity should be considered when using ADSCs in regenerative medicine.
Copyright (c) 2020 Mazini L https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Therapeutic Implication of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium to Reduce Cystogenic Potential of CD133+ Renal Progenitor Cells of Human Polycystic Kidneys
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder in which, epithelial cells are somehow dedifferentiated but highly proliferative and form renal cysts. There are also proliferative CD133+ renal progenitor cells in an ADPKD kidney. Among several therapeutic strategies that exist to heal ADPKD, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) are of great interest. So, we examined human BM-MSC-condition medium (hBM-MSC-CM) effects on polycystic CD133+ renal progenitor cells. For this purpose, polycystic CD133+ renal progenitor cells were isolated from patients undergoing nephrectomy for kidney transplantation. Differentiation and cystogenic potentials of polycystic CD133+ renal progenitor cells were evaluated using hBM-MSC-CM. Polycystic-lining cells expressed CD133 as a renal progenitor cell marker. These cells were more proliferative and presented a defective epithelial differentiation phenotype compared to normal kidney CD133+ renal progenitor cells. Also, they were not able to express differentiated tubular epithelial cell markers such as E-cadherin and ZO-1. Moreover, polycystic CD133+ renal progenitor cells, in contrast to normal CD133+ renal progenitor cells, formed cysts in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. hBM-MSC-CM treatment decreased proliferation and cystogenesis, but increased differentiation of polycystic CD133+ renal progenitor cells in vitro. All in all, hBM-MSC-CM could decrease the proliferation and cystogenesis through induction of differentiation in polycystic CD133+ renal progenitor cells.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Copyright (c) 2020 Reza Moghadasali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Feminist Scientist Shouts Conveying I Am Here
I will narrate my successful experience and research in SPIE 2015 at San Diego, California, USA on a scientific and national level. An Egyptian female scientist’s perspective taking place in San Diego, SPIE conference 2015 was a very successful experience concerning the application of Nano scaffolds and stem cell therapy in liver tissue engineering. On the background of attending the International Conference SPIE Nanoscience + Engineering, Biosensing and Nanomedicine VIII, 09-13 Aug. 2015 at San Diego, California, USA, on 23 Jul 2015, I received an invitation via my email to attend Women in Optics Presentation and Reception, Monday 10 August 5:00 PM-6:30 PM, Marriott Marquis, Marina and the exact words were “Join us for an early evening of networking and inspiration, this evening will feature reports on International Year of Light activities from around the world, the panel will be followed by a reception, offering the opportunity to meet the speakers and connect with your peers”. The morning of that Monday 10 August, 2015, was the appointment of contributing my oral presentation at the conference titled “NANO scaffolds and stem cell therapy in liver tissue engineering” [1], where I presented current and emergent approach based on stem cells in the field of liver tissue engineering for specific application as the combination of stem cells and tissue engineering opens new perspectives in tissue regeneration for stem cell therapy because of the potential to control stem cell behavior with the physical and chemical characteristics of the engineered scaffold environment.
Copyright (c) 2020 Montaser LM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Expression of TNF-Α and IL-1β Messenger RNA in Stem Cells of Normotrophic and Hypertrophic Scars
Introduction: Post-burn hypertrophic scar tissue (Hsc) is characterized by increased collagen synthesis, cellular growth (hyperplasia) and cell turnover (shedding). Its clinical characteristics (erythema, pain, dysesthesia, pruritus, elevation) exhibit aspects of chronic local inflammation, but the mechanism of its etiopathogenesis has not been clearly elucidated. In chronic skin inflammation, pro inflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines play an important role in producing skin dysfunction. In this study, we examined changes in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1 β mRNA expression and its presence in post-burn hypertrophic scars in stem cells. Results obtained in normotrophic scar tissue (Nsc) were compared to results obtained in normal skin (Ns). Materials and Methods: Skin biopsies were obtained from 15 patients with (Hsc) who presented burns on over 10% of their skin surface, more than a year post-injury. Nsc was obtained from 17 patients who experienced scarring in optimal conditions. Ns were obtained from 11 patients who underwent cosmetic or reconstructive surgery. We performed histopathology analysis with routine processing. TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression levels on all three types of biopsy were obtained via semi-quantitative RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, western blot and by in situ hybridization. Results: When analyzing mRNA expression levels by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and qPCR we observed higher TNF-α and IL-1β levels in post-burn hypertrophic scar tissue relative to normal skin and normotrophic scar tissue. In contrast, in situ hybridization revealed significant differences in IL-1β hybridization intensity localized in Hsc epidermis relative to Nsc and Ns epidermis. For TNF-α, expression intensity in epidermis and dermis did not differ between Ns, Nsc and Hsc. We found higher TNF-α-positive porcentage of cells in the epidermis of Ns and Hsc relative to Nsc; meanwhile IL-1β-positive percentage of cells were higher in the epidermis of Hsc as compared to Ns and Nsc. Our histopathologic analysis yielded relatively low inflammatory infiltrate cell counts, and we found no correlation between inflammatory infiltrate cell count and cytokines produced. Conclusion: Together these results suggest that there is increase in TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression in post-burn Hsc. Interestingly, the basal keratinocytes (stem cells) showed differential expression of both cytokines compared to other cell types, which suggests that they may play an important role in post-burn skin repair processes
Copyright (c) 2019 Alcantara Quintana Luz Eugenia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Advantages of Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Massive Burns-Case Report
Due to insufficient oxygenation of tissues, cellular and vascular destruction, burns show a different healing process from other wounds. Even if it affects only one organ, namely the skin, it can generate a systematic response in which multiple organs are affected, with high risk of infections and mortality. Therefore it represents a challenging pathology with the involvement of several specialties, which, depending on the way of production, the surface and the depth of the burn, requires special care, long hospitalizations, and multiple surgical interventions. Even if with the evolution of the medicine, the mortality of burns was also improved, the healing process is often unsatisfactory with negative consequences on the functional and physical aspects, which reduce the quality of the patient’s life. This work paper aims to present a different approach in the management of a II-III degree burn, of approximately 20% body surface, at the level of the posterior thorax and the left upper extremity, using mesenchymal stem cells. The procedure involved the collection of skin samples with a diameter of 5 mm each one, match them with saline solution, introduce them in a special device, disaggregate them and inject the resulting suspension solution rich in mesenchymal stem cells into the dermis with the advantage that it can skip over the excisional debridement stage and decrease significantly large skin graft donor areas of the standard approach, and other possible surgical interventions subsequent.
Copyright (c) 2019 Oproiu AM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0