Biochemical and Pathological Parameters Pertaining to Cardiovascular Disorders

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MS) has become the major health hazard of modern world among all non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mainly feeds into the spread of the diseases like type-2 diabetes (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). NCD linked deaths around the world, one-fourth of them result from arterial blockage caused by atherosclerotic plaques and ASCVD characterized by occlusion of the coronary arteries leading to heart attacks. Moreover, annual deaths attributed to T2DM have also been estimated to climb by 38% till 2030. Contrariwise, in India, cardiovascular diseases contributed about 28% of the total deaths and 14 % of the total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2016 compared with approximate 15% and 7%, respectively in 1990. Among various risk factors, variation in lipoproteins, cholesterol and triglyceride levels are highest driver of onset of ASCVD, enabling it the prime target for ASCVD risk reduction. However, hepatic LDL receptors (LDL-R) are the vital mediators connected with clearance of more than 70% of LDL-c present in the circulation. Recently, the protein lipoprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (CPSK-9) has emerged as a foremost drug target in cardiovascular medicine and pharmacology. PCSK-9 directly binds to the EGF-A domain of LDL-R which in turn blocks LDL-R recycling via its lysosomal degradation.