The Search for an Alternative Biomarker for the Detection and Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - The Journey So Far

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in African where hepatitis is endemic. HCC has become the third most common malignancy worldwide, with a very poor prognosis, rendering it the fourth highest cause of cancer - related deaths. The poor prognosis of HCC is mostly linked to late diagnosis because few treatment strategies can be implemented in patients with advanced disease. The levels of AFP combined with abdominal ultrasonography were considered the “gold standard†for HCC screening in patients with liver cirrhosis. Several studies have suggested other biomarkers that are more sensitive, specific and reliable compared to AFP and USS in HCC diagnosis. These biomarkers include Proteins (including enzymes and isoenzymes), growth factors and their receptors, molecular markers and cytokines. These biomarkers could be useful biomarkers or complementary biomarkers in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis associated hepatocellular carcinoma.